Wednesday 27 May 2015

9 / 9条作文雅思一般

Following is the question of a letter for General IELTS

Write at least in 150 words

Below is a 9-band answer of the question written above

Contributed by Nasser Gorsi

девять / 9 полос эссе для IELTS Генерального

Following is the question of a letter for General IELTS

Write at least in 150 words

Below is a 9-band answer of the question written above

Contributed by Nasser Gorsi

9 bands essay of IELTS General. 100 % right answer.

Following is the question of a letter for General IELTS

Write at least in 150 words

Below is a 9-band answer of the question written above

Contributed by Nasser Gorsi

If you want to learn writing skills and improve your score, please leave a personal message or call on +919915578607.

Wednesday 20 May 2015

Excellent Coaching for MA English entrance test for Panjab University and DU

If you are aspiring to take admission in MA English Panjab University, Chandigarh, or University of Delhi (DU), and looking for right coaching for your test because you want to make it to the campus not in any college, then contact Mobile No. 09569-21-20-26 or 099155-786-07.

Don't play with your career by conjecturing the entrance test syllabi. Come and get the best coaching in the region by well-qualified and experienced faculty that assure you of good results if you are serious about your admission.

SCO 1, Sector 27 C, Chandigarh.

Thursday 14 May 2015

DOs and Donts before, during and after the earthquakes. Precautions for earthquake

Photo: grabhouse.com

NEVER THINK IT CAN'T HAPPEN TO YOU!!!
I have been through lots of ups and downs during motorbike expeditions and while living a luxury life in a modern city.
I would say, Anything can happen to Anyone, Anytime and Anywhere.

It is always better to construct your house/office earthquake proof. There are some methods keep the buildings intact during most earthquakes. It is better to spend on security rather than losing everything in a seconds.

Always keep a battery-operated radio. Do not depend on any other person or on mobile phones. Many services like mobile phones, T.V., etc. may stop but radio will prove very useful.
DO NOT PANIC!
Identify the safe areas at your home, work place or at any other place you spend time.
1. Drop down and take cover quickly.
2. If you are on some floor in a building then look for corners immediately or some big/strong tables. You should already fix some spots at your house, workplace or where ever you spend your time and plan before anything happens.
3. Don't rush to lifts/elevators.
4. Stay away from cupboards, wall cabinets, etc that can fall.
5. If you are outside, stay outside and away from electric poles, wires.
6. Don't use matches, candles, or fire. There could be some broken gas lines.
7. If you are driving, stop the vehicle and stay inside until the earthquake stops.

Dos After the Earthquake:
1. Check yourself and others for any injuries. Provide first aid treatment if required.
2. Check water, gas, electrical lines for any damage. If there is any damage in gas line, shut off the valve. Check for the smell. If you smell it, DO NOT SWITCH ON ANY ELECTRICAL APPLIANCE, LIGHT ETC. Just open the windows and doors, rush out and inform the authorities concerned.
3. Turn on the radio and don't use your mobile phones unless there is emergency and save batter (power).
4. Stay out of damaged buildings, beaches and other damaged areas.
5. There are aftershocks after the earthquakes. They also damage buildings. Brace for them too.
Contributed by Nasser Gorsi
The writer is a gold-medalist in Post Graduate Diploma in Disaster Management and Security
Panjab University, Chandigarh.

Wednesday 13 May 2015

How to join Indian Air force. Latest vacancies 2015-2016 recruitment

Air Force Recruitment 2015 – 2016

Indian Air Force Recruitment 2015 Indian Air Force has anno

Indian Air Force Recruitment 2015

Indian Air Force has announced vacancies in the Chhattisgarh State of India. The opportunity is for the Unmarried Male Indian Citizens originating from various districts of Chhattisgarh. The recruitment rally is for Group ‘X’ (Technical) trades and Group ‘Y’ [IAF(S)] trade at Mini Stadium, Behind Collectorate, Raigarh (Chhattisgarh). The recruitment is scheduled to start from 12^th June 2015 to 19^th June 2015. The details of the vacancy are mentioned below: -

Post Name- Airmen in Group X (Technical) and Group Y [IAF(S)]

Educational Criterion: -

1) For Group Y [IAF (S)]: -

a) Passed Intermediate (10+2) OR Equivalent Examination in any stream/subjects approved by Central/State Education Boards with 50% marks in English and minimum 50% marks in aggregate;

(b) Passed Two years Vocational Course from affiliated/recognized Institutes by State Education Boards/CBSE/Councils duly recognized at par with 10+2 by AIU (Association of Indian Universities) with 50% marks in English in Vocational Course or in Intermediate/Matriculation if English is not a subject in Vocational Course and minimum 50% marks in aggregate.

2) For Group X (Technical) Trade: –

a) Passed Intermediate (10+2) OR Equivalent Examination with English, Physics, Mathematics with 50% marks in English minimum and 50% marks in aggregate;

b) Passed Three years Diploma Course in Engineering (Electrical/Mechanical/Electronics/ Computer Science/ Automobile/Instrumentation Technology/Information Technology) from a Government recognized Polytechnic Institute with 50% marks in aggregate; and 50% marks in English in Diploma Course or in Intermediate / Matriculation, if English is not a subject in Diploma Course

Process of Selection: -

1) Verification of the entire Eligibility criterion;

2) Written Test;

3) PFT (Physical Fitness Test);

4) Personal Interview;

5) Medical Examination.

Age Bracket:-

Candidates should not be more than 21 years of age on the date of enrolment.

Salary per Month: -

During the training period a stipend of INR11400 per month will be given. On completion of training candidates will receive:

1) Group X (Technical) Trade: -

INR 24900 to INR 43940

2) Group Y [IAF (S)] Trade: -

INR 20500 to INR 38720

Process of Applying: -

The interested and eligible candidate, domicile of Chhattisgarh can report at the Rally Venue from 7 a.m. up to 10 a.m. on 12^th, 15^th and 18^th June 2015.

Recruitment Rally Venue:-

Mini Stadium, Behind Collectorate, Raigarh (Chhattisgarh)

Points to be Noted: -

Late comers will not be entertained. The candidates who wish to be future airmen from Chhattisgarh are expected to report before time at the nearby Venue.

============================================================

Indian Air Force Recruitment 2015

Indian Air Force has released recruitment notification for the vacant position of LDC, MTD, Cook and others. More details about the positions are given below.

Total Number of Positions : 47

Details of Vacancy :

Trade Name	No. of Positions	Educational Criteria
LDC	06	12^th / equivalent with speed of 35 wpm in English typing or 30 wpm in Hindi typing on computer
MTD	04	10^th / equivalent, Driving License for light and heavy vehicle, professional skill in driving and knowledge of motor mechanism along with at least 2 yrs experience in driving motor vehicles
MTS	19	10^th / equivalent
Cook	04	10^th / equivalent with 6months experience in relevant trade
Safaiwala	09	10^th / equivalent with 6 months experience in relevant trade
Tele-operator	01	10^th / equivalent, Proficient in Handling of PBX (Private Battery Exchange)
Dhobi	02	10^th / equivalent with experience in relevant trade
Mess Staff	02	10^th / equivalent with 6 months experience in relevant trade

Eligibility for Age : Aspirants age should be above 18 years to 25 years as on 30^th April, 2015. Relaxation in age will be given as per the rules.

Eligibility for Education : Aspirants must have passed class 12^th and Knowledge of Hindi or Regional Language both in reading and writing.

Scale of Pay : Candidates selected will be paid Rs.5200/- to Rs. 20200/- per month.

Process of Selection : Candidates will be selected on the basis of Written Test / Interview which will be held on 28^th June, 2015 by the respective AOC/Stn Cdr/CO.

Procedure of Application : Eligible and interested job seekers can send their application in the prescribed format available on the official web portal, davp.nic.in . You must complete the application form properly, affix recent passport size photograph attested by Gazetted Officer, attach copies of all the relevant document/certificates and self addressed envelope. You must send the completed application in an envelope super scribed “APPLICATION FOR THE POST OF…………..” to the Officer Commanding/ Station Commander/ Commanding Officer of the place of vacancy at unit address mentioned in the original notification on or before last date that is 30^th April 2015.

Vital Date to Note :

Final Date for Receiving Application is 30^th April, 2015.

Written Test / Interview Date : 28^th June, 2015

How to use 'Had better'

Had better

Photo: www.slideshare.net

As a non-native speaker of English you may or may not be familiar with the phrase HAD BETTER.
The word may not fit according to you in the sentences and you must be feeling uncomfortable.
But if you read the sentences (that have Had Better) a dozen of times and feel the weight, do little research and read/write more sentences with it, you will find that in a couple of days, you will actually GET the word by heart.
Usage: Used to tell someone what he/she should do.
Some examples:
1. She had better go to a doctor about her migraine.
2. You had better leave now or you will miss the train.
3. They had better take rest before the next match.

Contributed by Nasser Gorsi
Linguistics Expert

Tuesday 12 May 2015

Roads made up of bitumen with plastic waste can 'cause' cancer!

Roads made up of bitumen, using waste plastic materials, is in the news these days. I wonder when the road heats up in summers, thousands of commuters would use it. Then are there are chances of cancer?
I have never read it anywhere, but I suspect that the fumes released by the plastic are obviously not full of oxygen. They may harm us for sure.
The little peace of article is just my point of view without any expert advice.
Nasser Gorsi

Wednesday 6 May 2015

Did you know the real full name of Mother Teresa and pronunciation?

Full name of Mother Teresa is Anjeze Gonxhe Bojaxhiu
She was born on August 26, 1910 and died on September 5, 1997 in Kolkata, India.

Agnes is pronounced as AG-ness
Gonxha is prounced as GOHN-jay
Bojaxhiu as boh-yah-JOO

She was born in Macedonia, Skopje
Skopje is pronounced as SKO-PYE

Monday 4 May 2015

Nepal tells all foreign countries to stop rescue missions and leave their country

Photo: indianexpress.com

The govt of Nepal has told the rescue teams of almost all the foreign countries to leave their country. The govt has said that their rescue operations have been completed and the rest of the work will be handled by them.
Sources said there was a lot of work to be done in the remote villages that could be done by foreign help.
There are 34 countries that are carrying out search and rescue operations.
According to the guidelines of International Search and Rescue Group guidelines, the search and rescue guidelines the search and rescue works have to be carried out for seven days when the survival chances are highest.
Over 7,200 people lost their lives so far.
Nasser Gorsi

LAW entrance constitution of India, Modern History of India, Constitution, Regulating Acts

Photo: www.india.com

The Company Rule (1773-1858)

Regulating Act of 1773

This act is of great constitutional importance as:

1. It was the first step taken by the British Govt to control and regulate the affairs of the East India Company in India.

2. It recognized for the first time the political and administrative functions of the company.

3. It laid the foundations of central administration in India.

Features of the Act

1. It designated the Governor of Bengal as the Governor-General of Bengal and created an Executive Council of four members to assist him. First such Governor General was Lord Warren Hastings.

2. It made the governors of Bombay and Madras presidencies subordinate to the governor-general of Bengal, unlike earlier, when the three presidencies were independent of one another.

3. It provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court of Calcutta (1774) comprising one chief justice and three other judges.

4. It prohibited the servants of the company from engaging in any private trade or accepting presents or bribes from the natives.

5. It strengthened the control of the British Govt over the company by requiring the Court of Directors to report its revenue, civil and military affairs in India.

Pitt’s India Act of 1784

To remove the defects of the Regulating Act of 1773, The British Parliament passed the Amending Act of 1781, (also known as Act of Settlement).

Features

1. It distinguished between the commercial and political functions of the company.

2. It allowed the Court of Directors to manage commercial affairs but created a new body called Board of Control to manage the political affairs. So, it established a system of double govt.

3. It empowered the Board of Control to supervise and direct all operations of the Civil and military government or revenues of the British possessions in India.

After this Act, company’s territories in India were for the first time called the British possessions in India.

Also, the British Govt was given the supreme control over the company’s affairs and its administration in India.

Charter Act of 1833

It was the final step towards centralization in British India.

Features

1. It made GG of Bengal as the GG of India and vested in him all civil and military powers. Lord William Bentick was the first GG of India.

2. Now, the Governors of Bombay and Madras had no legislative powers. The GG of India was given exclusive legislative powers for the entire British India. The laws made under the previous acts were called as Regulations while laws made under this act were called as Acts.

3. This Act ended the activities of the East India Company as a commercial body, which became a purely administrative body.

4. It attempted to introduce a system of open competition for selection of civil servants, and stated that Indians should not be debarred from holding any place, office and employment under the Company. But this provision was negated after opposition from the Court of Directors.

Charter Act of 1853

It was the last of the series of Charter Acts passed by the British Parliament between 1793 and 1853.

Features

1. It separated the legislative and executive functions of the GG’s council for the first time. Provided for addition of six new members called legislative councilors to the council. So, it established it established a separate GG’s legislative council which came to be known as the Indian (Central) Legislative Council. The legislative wing of the council functioned as a mini-Parliament, adopting the same procedures as the British Parliament. So, legislation for the first time was treated as a special function of the government requiring special machinery and special process.

2. It introduced an open competition system of selection and recruitment of civil servants which was now opened to Indians also.

3. It extended the Company’s rule and allowed it to retain the possession of Indian territories on trust for the British Crown without specifying any particular period unlike previous charters.

4. It introduced (for the first time) local representations in the Indian (Central) Legislative Council. Out of the 6 legislative members, four members were appointed by the local governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal and Agra.

The Crown Rule (1858-1947)

Government of India Act 1858

This Act was enacted in the wake of the Revolt of 1857 also known as First War of Independence or the sepoy mutiny. This act is also known as the Act for the Good Government of India. It abolished the East India Company, and transferred the powers of govt, territories and revenues to the British Crown.

Features

1. It provided that India henceforth was to be governed by, and in the name of Her Majesty. Now, the designation of the GG of India was changed to that of Viceroy of India. He was the direct representative of the British Crown in India. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India.

2. This act ended the system of double govt because Board of Control and Court of Directors were abolished.

3. Now, a new office of Secretary of State for India was created and it was vested with completed authority and control over Indian administration. He was a member of the British Cabinet and was responsible ultimately to the British Parliament.

4. This act established a Council of India with 15 members to assist the secretary of state for India. He was made the chairman of the council.

5. The act also constituted the secretary of state-in-council as a body corporate, capable of suing and being sued in India and England.

The act did not alter in any substantial way the system of govt that prevailed in India.

Indian Councils Act of 1861, 1892 and 1909

After the sepoy mutiny, the British govt felt that cooperation of Indians in the admin was required. So, three acts were enacted by the British Parliament in 1861, 1892 and 1909.

Features of the Act of 1861

1. This act began representative institutions by associating Indian with the law-making process. It provided that Viceroy should nominate some Indians as non-official members of his expanded council. In 1862, Lord Canning, the then viceroy, nominated three Indians to his legislative council-Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala and Sir Dinkar Rao.

2. This act started decentralization by restoring the legislative powers to the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. We can say that it reversed the centralizing tendency that started from the Regulating Act of 1773 (reached its climax under the Charter Act of 1833). So, this policy of legislative devolution resulted in the grant of almost complete internal autonomy to the provinces in 1937.

3. The act also provided for the establishing new legislative councils for Bengal, North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Punjab, which were established in 1862, 1866 and 1897, respectively.

4. The act also gave recognition to the portfolio system introduced by Lord Canning in 1859. Under this, a member of the Viceroy’s council was made in-charge of one or more departments of the govt and was authorized to issue final orders on behalf of the council on matters of his department.

5. The act empowered the Viceroy to issue ordinances without the concurrence of the legislative council, during an emergency. Life of such ordinances was six months.

Features of the Act of 1892

1. It somehow increased the number of additional members in the Central and provincial legislative councils.

2. This act increased the functions of legislative councils and gave them the power of discussing the budget.

3. The act also provided for the nomination of some non-official members of (a) Central legislative council by the Viceroy, (b) Provincial legislative councils by Governors.

Features of the Act of 1909

The act is also called as Morley-Minto Reforms (Lord Morley was the then Secretary of State for India and Lord Minto was the then Viceroy of India.

1. This act considerably increased the size of the legislative councils (Central and provincial). The number of members in the Central legislative council was raised from 16-60.

2. This act retained official majority in the Central legislative Council.

3. Now, the act had increased the functions of the legislative functions at both the levels and the members could ask questions, move resolutions on budget etc.

4. Now, the provision came for the first time, for the association of Indians with the executive Councils of the Viceroy and Governors. Satyendra Prasad Sinha became the first Indian to join the Viceroy’s Executive Council. He was appointed the law member.

5. The act also introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by separate electorate. Now, the Muslims were to be elected only by Muslim voters. The act and Lord Minto came to be known as Father of Communal Electorate.

Government of India Act of 1919

The British Govt on Aug 20, 1917 for the first time declared that their aim was to introduce responsible govt in India.

So, the GOI Act 1919 was enacted and it came into force on 1921. The act is also known as Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (because Montagu was the Secretary of State for India and Lord Chelmsford was the Viceroy of India).

Features of the act

1. Now, the central and provincial legislatures could make laws on their list of subjects with still the structure of the govt centralized.

2. The act further divided the provincial subjects into two parts- transferred and reserved. The transferred subjects were to be administered by the governor with the aid of ministers responsible to the legislative council. The reserved subjects were to be administered b the governors and his executive council without being responsible to the legislative council. This dual scheme of running the govt was called DYARCHY (remained unsuccessful).

3. The act also introduced bicameralism and direct elections. So, the Indian Legislative Council was replaced by a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Council of State) and a Lower House (Legislative Assembly). Most of the members of both the houses were chosen by direct elections.

4. The act required that six members of the Viceroy’s executive Council had to be Indians.

5. The act also extended the principle of communal representations after providing separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans.

6. The act granted franchise to a ltd number of people on the basis of properly, tax and education.

7. The act created a new office of the High Commissioner for India in London and transferred to him some of the functions performed by the Secretary of State for India.

8. The act provided for the establishment of a public service commission. So, a Central Public Service Commission was set up for in 1926 for recruiting civil servants.

9. The act separated first time provincial budgets from Central budget and authorized the provincial legislatures to enact their own budgets.

10. The act now provided for the appointment of a statutory commission to inquire into and report on its working after 10 yrs of its coming into action.

Simon Commission

In November 1927, the British govt announced the appointment of a 7-member statutory commission under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon commission to report on the condition of India under its new constitution. All members of the commission were British and all the parties boycotted the commission.

The commission submitted its report in 1930 and recommended the abolition of diarchy, extension of responsible govt in the provinces, establishment of a federation of British India and princely states, continuation of communal electorate and so on. To British govt convened three round table conferences to consider the proposals of the commission. The conference was to be of British govt, British India and Indian princely states. On the discussion basis, a White paper on constitutional reforms was prepared and submitted for the consideration of the Join select committee of the British parliament.

The recommendation so f the committee were incorporated (with some changes) in the next Govt of India Act of 1935.

Communal Award

In Aug 1932, Ramsay MacDonald, British PM announced a scheme of representation of the minorities which came to be known as the Communal Award. The award not only continued to separate Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and Europeans but also extended it to the depressed classes. Gandhi was distressed over it and took fast unto death in Yeravada jail (Poona) to modify the award. And then there was an agreement between the leaders of the Cong and depressed classes. The agreement came to be known as Poona Pact, retained the Hindu joint electorate and gave reserved seats to the depressed classes.

Govt of India Act of 1935

This act marked a second milestone towards a complete responsible govt. It was lengthy and detailed with 321 Sections and 10 Schedules.

Features

1. It provided for the establishment of an All India Federation consisting of provinces and princely states as units. It divided the powers between the Centre and units in terms of three lists Federal List (for centre with 59 items), Provincial List (with 54 items) and the Concurrent List (for both, with 36 items). Since the princely states did not join it the federation didn’t come into being.

2. Now, the diarchy was abolished by this act in the provinces and provincial autonomy came into being. Now the governor was required to act with the advice of ministers responsible for provincial legislature. It came into effect in 1937 and discontinued in 1939.

3. It provided for the adoption of diarchy at the Centre.

4. The act introduced bicameralism in six out of 11 provinces. The legislatures of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam and the United Provinces were made bicameral consisting of a legislative council (upper house).

5. The act extended the principle of communal representation by providing separate electorates for depressed classes (SC, women and labourers).

6. It abolished the Council of India, established by the GOI Act 1858. The secy of state for India was provided with a team of advisers.

7. Now, 10% of population got the right to vote.

8. The act provided for the establishment of a Reserve Bank of India.

9. The act provided for the establishment of not only a Federal Public Service Commission but also a Provincial Public Service Commission and Joint Public Service Commission for two or more provinces.

10. The act also provided for the establishment of a Federal Court that was set up in 1937.

Indian Independence Act of 1947

On Feb 20, 1947, the British PM Clement Atlee declared that the British rule in India would end by June 30, 1948 after which the powers would be transferred to responsible Indian hands.

Again on June 3, 1947, the British Govt made it clear that an constitution framed by the constituent assembly of India (formed in 1946) cant apply to those parts of the country which were unwilling to accept it. On the same day, (June 3) Lord Mountbatten, the then viceroy of India, put forth the partition plan, also known as the Mountbatten Plan. The plan was accepted by the Cong and the Muslim League.

Features

1. It ended the British rule in India and declared India as an independent and sovereign state from 15 Aug, 1947.

2. It provided for the partition of India and creation of two independent dominions of India and Pakistan with right to secede from the British Commonwealth.

3. The act abolished the office of viceroy and provided for each dominion, a GG, who was to be appointed by the British King on the advice of the dominion cabinet. His Majesty’s Govt in Britain was to have no responsibility with respect to the GOI or Pakistan.

4. It empowered the Constituent Assembly of two dominions to frame and adopt any constitution for their respective nations and to repeal any act of the British Parliament.

5. It empowered the CA of both the dominions to legislate for their respective territories till the new constitution was drafted and enforced. No act of the British Parliament passed after August 15, 1947.

6. It abolished the office of the secy and transferred his functions to secy of state for Commonwealth Affairs.

7. The act granted freedom to the Indian princely states and treaty relations with tribal areas from August 15, 1947.

8. The act provided for the governance of each of the dominions and provinces by the GOI 1935 till the new constitution was framed.

9. The act deprived British Monarch of his right to veto bills or ask for reservation of certain bills for his approval. But, this right was reserved for the GG. The GG would have full power to assent to any ill in the name of His Majesty.

10. It designated the GG of India and the provincial governors as (nominal) heads of the states. They were made to act on the advice of the respective council of ministers in all matters.

11. It dropped the title of Emperor of India from royal titles of king of England.

12. The act discontinued the appointment of civil services and reservation of posts by secy. The members of the civil services appointed before Aug 15, 1947 would continue to enjoy all benefits that they were entitled to till that time.

At midnight 14-15 Aug, 1947, the British rule ended and the power was transferred to the two new independent Dominions of India and Pak.

Lord Mountbatten became the first GG of the new dominion of India. He swore in J. Nehru as the first PM of Independent India.

The CA formed in 1946 became the Parliament of Indian Dominion.

Keys:
GG: Governor General
GOI: Government of India
Cong: Congress

The writer has consulted a few books to write these details.
Nasser Gorsi

History of India, polity, constitution in detail. Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784 in detail.